事物说明文
一、题型概述
事物说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。主要用于考查考生理解说明对象基本属性的能力。说明的对象不同,其考点取向也各不相同。就高考命题而言,说明的对象通常包括:组织架构、文化遗产、节日习俗、科研报告或科技成果等。其中,科技成果或科研报告是阅读理解命题中最常见的题材。文章可能比较生涩,但命题的规律性很强,即研究项目提出的背景、研究过程和方法、研究成果和社会意义。
事物说明文类别及测试重点(表1)
事物说明文考点细分(表2)
? ? ? 二、事物说明文命题要求
1. 语篇的主题要体现立德树人的时代理念
语篇选材要立足于开阔学生的文化视野;要利于发展考生的科学探索精神;要保证语言的原创性。
2. 考点设计要体现说明对象的基本特点
要求突出文章的主题,体现说明文的科学性和条理性。要通过试题能理解说明事物特征、本质及其规律性等。
3. 原则上段落顺序和试题顺序基本一致
在坚持段落顺序和试题顺序大致一致的同时,三套试题可以有不同的落空段。两段之间信息量小者优先落空。
4. 尽可能全面检测考生的阅读能力
主要考查考生深度理解考点目标文本的能力。同时,可按照题型难度系数的客观要求,兼顾考查考生的分析判断能力,猜测词义能力以及标题概括能力。可以根据不同卷型适当调整题型比重。I套卷可减少细节题,增加对考生高级思维能力的考查。II套卷可增加分析判断题的比重。III套可适当增加基础题(细节理解题)的比重。
三、答题策略
1. 目测明确试题结构
首先看清语篇段落数和试题数。如果是四段四题,通常都是一段一题。如果是五段四题,通常有一段落空。依此类推,段数越多,落空段落相对越多。一般的命题规律是重点段落是不能落空的。
2. 主题是个纲,纲举目张。
无论是哪种题型,都要基于语篇主题考查考生理解不同阶段不同要素的能力。所以,每道试题都能反映出文章主题的某种属性。将这些基本属性联系起来,便可以得出文章的主题。继而,便可以确认主旨概括题的答案。这正是所谓的”心中有纲,答题不慌”。
3. 读题
读题是解答试题的基础。要求首先判断题型;其次,确认关键词;然后,明确要回答的信息;最后,根据题干,分析每个选项的语义,并根据自己的社会认知分析每一个选项和题干是否真正存在逻辑上的必然关联。
4. 确认考点目标文本范围
运用查读策略,按照段落顺序和试题顺序相一致的命题规律,找出关键词的复现词或同现词。然后根据题型确认考点目标文本范围。
5. 分析文本确认答案
运用细读策略认真阅读目标文本。考点目标文本的阅读量因题型而异。细节理解题的目标文本阅读量相对较小,可能是某一词块,也可能是某一个句子。而分析判断题的阅读量相大些。可能是一个句子,也可能是对一组句子核心信息的重组。通常和考点目标文本意思相同,而表达不同的选项是答案;对目标文本形成概括、抽象的是答案;和目标文本呈因果关系的选项是答案。
6. 巧解主旨概括题
虽然同一篇文章中所有试题的考查信息不同,但都是对同一主题不同要素信息的考查。所以,解答主旨概括题时,一定要运用联系的观点去审读前三道试题。这样便可以依据文章的主题确定答案。
? ? ?
四、真题解析举例
I.【2019NMET.I.C】
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies – like fingerprint scans – to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to – regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low errorrates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straight forward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
1. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys.
B. To improve accuracy in typing.
C. To replace the password system.
D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
2. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
3. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A. It’ll been vironment-friendly.
B. It’ll reach consumers soon.
C. It’ll be made of plastics.
D. It’ll help speed up typing.
4. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary.??? ??????????????? B. A guidebook
C. A novel. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. A magazine.
体裁:事物说明文? 主题:智能键盘?
特征:四段四题、三细一篇章。
【答案解析】
1. D? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。the smart keyboard为关键词,考点为“为什么研发智能键盘”。四个选项的意思依次为 A. To reduce pressure on keys “减少对键的压力”,关键信息时“pressure”, 因果关系不充分。打字时按键所受到的压力取决于打字员的习惯。只要打字员注意一下便可以解决键的受力。所以,根本没有必要为此而发明智能键盘。B. To improve accuracy in typing “提高打字的精确度”,关键信息是“improve accuracy”, 同样不符合一般社会认知。打字的精确度因输入者的技术熟练程度而异。所以,也没有必要专门为部分人提高打字的精确度而发明一个智能键盘。C. To replace the password system “替换口令系统”, 关键信息为 “password system”。按照一般常识,更换计算机的口令系统仅仅需要更换软件即可。D. To cut the cost of e-space protection “降低e-space的保护成本”。既然前三个都不足以成为研发智能键盘的原因,那么本体的答案理应时D。这也符合“四个选项相比较,和其它三者反差最大的时答案”的答题秘籍。第二步,答题。查读结果显示关键词出自第二段首句Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device (装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. 细读该句可以得知要明白为什么研发智能键盘就必须知道到底要get around 什么problem。根据名词照应规律我们可以得知词出的问题应该在首段。细读该段我们可以得知“生物识别技术的市场增长很快,以防止别人进入私人电子空间”,第二句是 “目前,这种技术成本昂贵”。这就回答了第二段要解决什么问题。如果考生吃不准目标文本的语义,可以在目标文本中逐一查找四个选项的关键信息。这样便可以得知唯有D项和考点目标文本形成语义同现(词汇照应)。故选D。
2. C? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。本题无法确认关键词,题干的语义为“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”。本题旨在考查考生理解智能键盘发明的技术原理。四个选项的意思依次是A. Computers are much easier to operate “计算机更容易操作”。键盘属于输入设备,其智能化的直接作用就是让计算机更容易操作。所以,该选项和题干本末倒置。B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast “指纹扫描技术发展很快”。根据第一题考点目标文本可以得知,指纹扫描是一种生物识别技术,发展快,但费用昂贵。C. Typing patterns vary from person to person “人和人的打字节奏不同”。D. Data security measures are guaranteed“数据安全措施得到保障“。此选项和第一题的考点目标文本”数据和身份窃取普遍“,形成逻辑背离。所以,肯定不是答案。第二步,答题。从文章架构上看,第二段属于最主要的主题段落。按照题、段一致的命题规律,此题的答案理应在第二段。通常逻辑连接副词前后是重点考查区域。第二段第五句thus是连接副词,暗示前后句为因果关系。后句是结果——“该键盘可以确定人的身份”,而前句These patterns are unique to each person的意思是“每个人敲击键盘的模式都是独一无二的”,和选项C形成语义同现——对其形成解释。这证明了“和目标文本于一相同而表达形式不同的必是答案”这一答题秘籍的正确性。如果考生看不懂文本信息,也可以逐一把四个选项和目标文本比对,除了C项之外,目标文本中根本找不到其它三项的照应词汇。据此,我们也可以确认答案。
3. B? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。关键词为expect, 要回答的信息是“科研人员对智能键盘有什么期待?” 四个选项的意思分别是:A.It’ll be environment-friendly “是环境友好型”,说明材质不能污染环境。B. It’ll reach consumers soon “很快到消费者手里”,说明即将投放市场;C. It’ll be made of plastics“用塑料制作”,和A项存在内在逻辑同质,都是说材质.据此,我们可以得知两者都不是答案。D. It’ll help speed up typing “加快打字速度”,说的是智能键盘的功能。和前面第一题发明智能键盘的目的相悖。再说,打字速度取决于打字员的熟练程度。所以,也不是答案。所以,综合分析只有B项可能是答案。“达到消费者手里”表明了发明的商业化。这关乎发明人的切身利益。第二步,答题。第三段信息量太小,无法命题,所以答案理应在结尾段。运用查读策略在第四段结尾句找到关键词的同现词hope。to make it to market in the near future的意思就是“在不久的将来投放市场”。该句正好和B项形成语义同现。故选B。
4. D? 篇章知识题。
篇章知识题旨在考查考生关于篇章知识的基本社会认知。通常是会者不难。解答完前面三道题后我们可以发现该文章语言表述准确、客观,没有任何议论,属于专业性极强的科技产品说明文,据此可以得知该文章出自专业杂志。
考点设计特点:
第一题发明目的;第二题发明的技术原理;第三题发明的应用;第四题篇章知识题。
II.(2019NMET .II .? D)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution (解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There are almost no grades, other than ‘Areyou working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and… It’s not a very nice thin g at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
1. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of.
B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms.
D. They damage the instruments.
2. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D. To link space technology with school education.
3. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product.
B. Guide project designs.
C. Adjust work schedules.
D. Grade their homework.
4. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform.
体裁:事物说明文? 主题:研究性课题?
特征:四段四题、三细一概括。
【答案解析】
A. A ?细节理解题。
第一步,读题。the International Space Station为关键词,要回答的信息是“关于国际空间站的细菌我知道那些?”四个选项的意思分别是:A. They are hard to get rid of “它们很难清理”,细菌无处不在,根本无法永久性灭活。所以,此选项表述符合我们的基本社会认知。理应是答案。B. They lead to air pollution “它们导致空气污染“,不符合我们的社会认知。造成空气污染的元凶是有毒废气的排放。C. They appear different forms “它们的呈现形式不同”。细菌的形式的确多种多样,但人类关心的是在利用有益菌同时如何杀灭有害菌。D. They damage the instruments “它们损毁设备”,不符合一般社会认知。第二步,答题。查读结果显示关键词出自第一段。细读之,根据第一、二句可以得知“细菌很令人恼火,宇航员每周都要花几个小时清理”。据此可知是“很难清理掉“。其实,通过范畴分析就可以确认答案为A。C、D属于常识性表述,选项B和D存在内在的逻辑关联。唯独选项A和其它三项差别很大。故选A。
2. D? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。HUNCH program为关键词,要回答的信息是“关键词是什么目的?“四个选项的意思分别是:A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships “加强师生关系”,和第一题提出的问题不存在内在联系,所以不是答案。B. To sharpen students’ communication skills “提高学生的交际能力”。同样和第一题提出的问题没有任何关联。C. To allow students to experience zero gravity “让学生体验零重力”。和太空有关联,但和解决上面的问题没有关系。D. To link space technology with school education “把空间技术和学校教育联系起来“。综合分析,只有D项可能是答案。第二步,答题。查读结果显示关键词首次出现在第一段,因为该段已经命题,所以按照试题顺序和段略顺序相一致的命题规律直接进入第二段。细读该段,从第一句HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers可以得知答案为 D。其中connect,school classroom, NASA依次和D项的link, space technology, school education形成照应。按照珈铭答题秘籍,“和目标文本意思相同二表达形式不同的则是答案”。故选D。
3. A? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。关键词为NASAengineers, 要回答的信息为“Whatthey do for the students?”四个选项的意思分别是:A. Check their product “检查他们的成果”;B. Guide project designs “指导课题设计”;C. Adjust work schedules “调整工作计划”;D. Grade their homework “批改作业”。按照我们的社会认知,这四个通常都有可能。因此,就必须认真阅读目标文本,从中去伪存真,筛选出答案。第二步,答题。按照试题顺序和段略顺序相一致的命题规律,直接进入第三段。根据第二句可以排除D项。读至第四句根据嘘声们的答复“我必须生产这个产品,然后在年底,把它交给NASA。”再结合第五句Engineers come and really do an in-person review便可以得知宇航局的工程师是来check the product的。此题的难度系数显然高于前两题。然而,对基础比较薄弱的考生来讲,只要理解了“do an in-person review”和check形成语义同现就可以确定答案。故选A。
4. B 标题概括题。
第一步,读题。标题源自对文章主题的高度概括。四个选项分别是:A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts, 突出了美国宇航局对宇航员的意义,忽略了学生这个课题研究的主体。B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier. Space说明课题研究的特点,而The Final Homework Frontier 符合学生活动的基本特征。C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom突出了自然,有学生,但不能体现研究的课题特征。D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform突出的是大学如何改革,和课题研究没有半点关系。故选B。
考点设计特点:
?? 第一题提出问题;第二题解决问题;第三题如何解决问题;第四题标题概括题。
III.(2019 NMET . III .D)
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.Theresearchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to getthe reward.
Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, asymbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted?that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
Whenthe team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate (低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close invalue—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction (小部分) of the smaller number to it.
“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains,” Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
1. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. ? ? ? ?? B. They named them.
C. They trained them. ? D. They measured them.
2. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. ? B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos.? D. By mixing two drinks.
3. What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition.?
B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily.?
D. They could hold their attention for long.
4. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. ?? B. Health. ?
C. Education. ? ? ? ? ? D. Science.
体裁:事物说明文? 主题:科学实验报告?
特征:六段四题;三细一篇章。
【答案解析】
1. C? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。关键词为test;要回答的信息是“在测验之前科研人员对猴子做了什么?“四个选项的意思依次是:A. They fed them ”喂食“;关键信息为”fed“。B.They named them ”命名“;关键信息为“name”。C.They trained them ”训练“;关键信息为“train”。D.They measured them ”测量它们“;关键信息为“measure”。考点目标文本中有哪个关键词或同现词,哪个表示答案。第二步,答题。查读结果显示关键词出自第二段第二句。细读该段,可以发现第一句的句式架构是trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate … with…。其中的重点词汇是associate… with … “把什么和什么联系起来”。全句的意思是“一组科研人员训练三只恒河猴把由数字和选择性字母组成的26个有明显差异的符号和0-25滴水或果汁联系起来作为奖励”。对于大部分同学来讲,可能无法准确理解本句话的语义。这时候,考生可依次在目标文本中查找四个选项的关键词,查到哪个哪个选项便是答案。
2. B? 细节理解题。
第一步,读题。无法确定关键词。可按照题段一致的命题规律,判定该题的考点目标文本应该在第三段。要回答的信息是“实验中猴子如何得到奖赏的?” A. By drawing acircle;B. By touching a screen;C. By watching videos;D. By mixing two drinks. 第二步,答题。细读第三段,读完第一句便知道给猴子提供了触摸屏,猴子要实现和屏幕的交互,当然必须要touch了。该段的第2、3、4详细地介绍了猴子如何通过猴机交互来获得奖赏的。句如果考生无法准确理解本段文本,可以以每个选项的动词为关键词,在文本中查找。找到哪个,哪项便是答案。故选B。
3. A?细节理解题。
第一步,读题。关键词为find。要回答的信息是“关于猴子Livingstone团队有什么发现?”四个选项依次是:A项“他们可以做基本的加法”。B项“他们能听懂简单的单词”。C项“他们很容易记住数字”。D项“他们可以长时间保持注意力”。运用查读策略可以在第四段找到关键词的同现词notice。即便有的考生无法确认关键词,但也可根据题段顺序大致一致的命题规律初步判定第四段为考点目标文本。通过细读,可以发现有两个选项和目标文本形成照应。一个是A项和performing a calculation形成完整的语义同现; perform-performing, calculation-basic addition。另一个是C项和memorizing the value of each combination形成部分照应。C项是“记住数字”;而文本是“记住每组的和”。两者所记内容有别。也许有的考生会质疑为什么有两段连续落空。其实不然。第五段就是对第四段的发现they were performing a calculation进行分解,说明第四段的发现是实实在在存在的。故选A。
4. A? 篇章知识题。
第一步,读题。回答的信息是“本文可能出现在报纸的哪个版面?”篇章知识题旨在考查考生在长期的阅读活动中形成的基本社会认知。本文的主题是说明一个科学实验。自然应该出自science版面的。
考点设计特点:
第一题实验的准备;第二题实验方法;第三题实验结果;第四题篇章知识题。
四、启示
1. 主题是个纲,纲举目张;
?? 2. 分析为王,有王必胜;
?? 1)分析各个选项的真实含义;
?? 2)基于主题语境,分析各选项和题干之间的逻辑关系是否真正成立;
?? 3)分析目标文本的深层含义和结果;
?? 4)分析题干——考点信息——备选答案是否相互支撑。
更多资料,请关注《珈铭英语试题研究》
——————————————————————————